Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A2
Authors
Ramar Samy
Infectious Disease Programme, Department of Microbiology
Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
Vincent Chow
Infectious Disease Programme, Department of Microbiology
Natural inhibitors occupy an important place in the potential to neutralize the toxic effects caused by snake venom proteins and enzymes. It has been well recognized for several years that animal sera, some of the plant and marine extracts are the most potent in neutralizing snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2). The implication of this review to update the latest research work which has been accomplished with svPLA2 inhibitors from various natural sources like animal, marine organisms presents a compilation of research in this field over the past decade and revisiting the previous research report including those found in plants. In addition to that the bioactive compounds/inhibitor molecules from diverse sources like aristolochic alkaloid, flavonoids and neoflavonoids from plants, hydrocarbones 2, 4 dimethyl hexane, 2 methylnonane, and 2, 6 dimethyl heptane obtained from traditional medicinal plants Tragia involucrata (Euphorbiaceae) member of natural products involved for the inhibitory potential of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes in vitro and also decrease both oedema induced by snake venom as well as human synovial fluid PLA2. Besides marine natural products that inhibit PLA2 are manoalide and its derivatives such as scalaradial and related compounds, pseudopterosins and vidalols, tetracylne from synthetic chemicals etc. There is an overview of the role of PLA2 in inflammation that provides a rationale for seeking inhibitors of PLA2 as anti-inflammatory agents. However, more studies should be considered to evaluate antivenom efficiency of sera and other agents against a variety of snake venoms found in various parts of the world. The implications of these new groups of svPLA2 toxin inhibitors in the context of our current understanding of snake biology as well as in the development of new novel antivenoms therapeutics agents in the efficient treatment of snake envenomations are discussed.
Keywords: Inhibitors, Phospholipase A2, Snake venom phospholipase A2, Envenomation, Inflammation
Author Biography
Ramar Samy, Infectious Disease Programme, Department of Microbiology
Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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