Preprint / Version 1

In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Tabernaemontana alternifolia against Naja naja venom

Authors

  • MS Vineetha aSchool of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, K.S Layout, Bangalore 560 111, Karnataka, India
  • J Bhavya aSchool of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, K.S Layout, Bangalore 560 111, Karnataka, India
  • SM Veena bDepartment of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 057, Karnataka, India
  • Kiran Mirajkar cDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 07, Karnataka, India
  • Uday Muddapur dDepartment of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Vidya Nagar, Hubli 03, Karnataka, India
  • KS Ananthraju eDepartment of Chemistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, K.S Layout, Bangalore 560 111, Karnataka, India
  • Farhan Zameer aSchool of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, K.S Layout, Bangalore 560 111, Karnataka, India
  • Sunil More aSchool of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, K.S Layout, Bangalore 560 111, Karnataka, India

Keywords:

Tabernaemontana alternifolia, Naja naja, Haemolytic activities, Lethal toxicity, Edema, Biomarkers

Abstract

Tabernaemontana alternifolia root is traditionally used and practiced among few Indian tribes as an antidote for snakebites. Objective To combat and neutralize Naja naja venom using methanolic root extract of Tabernaemontana alternifolia and to explore its efficacy on venom biomarkers in search of newer herbal antidote or first-aid-point of care for therapeutics. Materialization. Pharmacological activities such as fibrinogenolytic, direct and indirect hemolytic activities for the neutralization of the venom were evaluated. Lethal toxicity annulation studies were performed using the murine model by pre-incubation and post-treatment protocols. Further, the neutralization of edema and myotoxicity were also evaluated. Results Electrophoretic analysis revealed that the complete neutralization of fibrinogen degradation was observed at 1:10 (w/w) (venom to extract). T. alternifolia exhibited an effective dose (ED50) value of 87.20 µg/mL for venom-induced hemolysis. Venom at 2 µg concentration produced 11 mm of hemolytic radiance and was neutralized at 1:20 (w/w) venom to extract concentration. The survival time and the neurotoxic symptoms in mice were concluded to be delayed by both the methods of lethal toxicity inhibition using methanol extract. The edema ratio reduced the venom to extract ratio of 1:20 (w/w) from 173 ± 45% to 133.61% when subjected to 5 µg of venom concentration. The plant extract significantly neutralized the myotoxic activity. Conclusion T. alternifolia methanolic root extract could be a potent contributor in the effective treatment of N. naja venom-induced toxicity. Keywords: Tabernaemontana alternifolia, Naja naja, Haemolytic activities, Lethal toxicity, Edema, Biomarkers

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