A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression Swiss Albino mouse model unveils a potential role for cow urine distillate as a feed additive
Authors
Naseema Kolathingal-Thodika
aVeterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Atholi, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kozhikode, 673315, Kerala, India
PTA Usha
bDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
S Sujarani
bDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
N Suresh
bDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
PM Priya
cDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
Punnoth Naseef
dDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Moulana College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, 679322, Kerala, India
Mohamed Kuruniyan
eDepartment of Dental Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
Shyju Ollakkode
fDepartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal
fDepartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
Traditional and natural immunomodulators are increasingly used as supplements in animal feeds and as interventions in the prevention and treatment of disease in animals.
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory characteristics of distilled cow urine in vivo using two mouse models, a normal mouse model and an immunosuppressive mouse model.
Methodology
We divided 144 Swiss Albino mice weighing between 15 g and 30 g, aged between two and three months, into two groups of 72 mice each. In the first group, we subdivided the animals into six subgroups of 12 each. In this group paramerters such as, body weight, organ weights of liver and kidney, haemagglutination titre, Jerne plaque-forming assay, and bone marrow cellularity were measured. We divided the second group into six subgroups for the assessment of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH).
Results
As compared to normal control mice, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice (given cow urine distillate) had significant increases in body weight, spleen weight, liver weight, total leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, serum protein, and globulin contents. In the treatment groups, the titre of antibodies, the number of antibody- producing cells, the cellularity of bone marrow, and foot pad thickness also increased. In the treatment group, both humoral and cellular immunity were altered compared to the control group, suggesting cow urine distillate to be a potential animal feed ingredient for immunoregulation.
Conclusion
This study was able to demonstrate the experimental validity of natural compounds as immunomodulators that can be used in feed supplements for animals. Various compounds could be tested for immunomodulatory effects using this technique in experimental animals.
Keywords: Nutrition, Immunomodulation, Natural feed additive, Cellular immunity, Humoral immunity, Swiss albino mice, Distilled cow urine
Author Biography
Naseema Kolathingal-Thodika, aVeterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Atholi, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kozhikode, 673315, Kerala, India
bDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
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