In silico docking analysis revealed the potential of phytochemicals present in Phyllanthus amarus and Andrographis paniculata, used in Ayurveda medicine in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2
Authors
Shridhar Hiremath
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India
H Kumar
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India
M Nandan
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India
M Mantesh
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India
K Shankarappa
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065 India
V Venkataravanappa
CHES, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Chettalli, Madikeri District, Bangalore, Karnataka 571248 India
C Basha
Department of Plant Pathology, ARS, University of Agricultural Sciences (B), Rajavanthi, Pavagada, Tumakur (Dist.), Bangalore, Karnataka India
C Reddy
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India
The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in outbreak of global pandemic, fatal pneumonia in human referred as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (Covid-19). Ayurveda, the age old practice of treating human ailments in India, can be considered against SARS-CoV-2. Attempt was made to provide preliminary evidences for interaction of 35 phytochemicals from two plants (Phyllanthus amarus and Andrographis paniculata used in Ayurveda) with SARS-CoV-2 proteins (open & closed state S protein, 3CLpro, PLpro and RdRp) through in silico docking analysis. The nucleotide analogue remdesivir, being used in treatment of SARS-CoV-2, was used as a positive control. The results revealed that 18 phytochemicals from P. amarus and 14 phytochemicals from A. paniculata shown binding energy affinity/dock score < − 6.0 kcal/mol, which is considered as minimum threshold for any compound to be used for drug development. Phytochemicals used for docking studies in the current study from P. amarus and A. paniculata showed binding affinity up to − 9.10 kcal/mol and − 10.60 kcal/mol, respectively. There was no significant difference in the binding affinities of these compounds with closed and open state S protein. Further, flavonoids (astragalin, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin) and tannins (corilagin, furosin and geraniin) present in P. amarus have shown more binding affinity (up to − 10.60 kcal/mol) than remdesivir (up to − 9.50 kcal/mol). The pharmacokinetic predictions suggest that compounds from the two plants species studied in the current study are found to be non-carcinogenic, water soluble and biologically safe. The phytochemicals present in the extracts of P. amarus and A. paniculata might have synergistic effect with action on multiple target sites of SARS-CoV-2. The information generated here might serve as preliminary evidence for anti SARS-CoV-2 activity of phytochemicals present from P. amarus and A. paniculata and the potential of Ayurveda medicine in combating the virus.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02578-7.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Ligands, Molecular docking, Natural and Phyllanthus amarus
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