Metabolite Fingerprinting Based on 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography for the Authentication of Herbal Products
Authors
Florentinus Riswanto
Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Anjar Windarsih
Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Endang Lukitaningsih
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected]
Mohamad Rafi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kampus IPB Dramaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; [email protected]
Nurrulhidayah Fadzilah
International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak 53100, Malaysia; [email protected]
Abdul Rohman
Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Herbal medicines (HMs) are regarded as one of the traditional medicines in health care to prevent and treat some diseases. Some herbal components such as turmeric and ginger are used as HMs, therefore the identification and confirmation of herbal use are very necessary. In addition, the adulteration practice, mainly motivated to gain economical profits, may occur by substituting the high price of HMs with lower-priced ones or by addition of certain chemical constituents known as Bahan Kimia Obat (chemical drug ingredients) in Indonesia. Some analytical methods based on spectroscopic and chromatographic methods are developed for the authenticity and confirmation of the HMs used. Some approaches are explored during HMs authentication including single-component analysis, fingerprinting profiles, and metabolomics studies. The absence of reference standards for certain chemical markers has led to exploring the fingerprinting approach as a tool for the authentication of HMs. During fingerprinting-based spectroscopic and chromatographic methods, the data obtained were big, therefore the use of chemometrics is a must. This review highlights the application of fingerprinting profiles using variables of spectral and chromatogram data for authentication in HMs. Indeed, some chemometrics techniques, mainly pattern recognition either unsupervised or supervised, were applied for this purpose.
Keywords: herbal medicine, herbal authenticity, spectroscopic, chromatographic, chemometrics
Author Biographies
Florentinus Riswanto, Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus III Paingan, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Maguwoharjo, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
Anjar Windarsih, Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Research Division for Natural Product Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
Abdul Rohman, Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.D.O.R.); [email protected] (A.W.)
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected]
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