Comparative morpho-anatomical standardization and chemical profiling of root drugs for distinction of fourteen species of family Apocynaceae
Authors
Pankaj Kumar
Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Anil Bhushan
Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Prasoon Gupta
Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Sumeet Gairola
Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Keywords:
Apocynaceae, Root drug samples, Adulteration, Chemical profilling, LC–MS profiling, Reference standards
Abstract
The root drugs of the family Apocynaceae are medicinally important and used in Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). There is often a problem of misidentification and adulteration of genuine samples with other samples in the market trade. Keeping in view the adulteration problem of raw drug material, comparative macroscopic and microscopic (qualitative and quantitative) characterisation and chemical analysis (TLC and LC–MS profiling) of a total of 14 economically important root drugs of family Apocynaceae were done for practical and rapid identification. A total of 33 qualitative botanical characteristics of root samples were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis to identify taxonomically significant characteristics in the distinction of root drug samples at the species level.
Results
Comparative qualitative and quantitative data on morphological, macroscopic, and microscopic characters were generated for the studied 14 species. Despite the similarity in some root characters, a combined study involving the surface, anatomical, and powder features helped distinguish root samples at the species level. The relative relationship between selected species was represented as clustering or grouping in the dendrogram. PCA analysis determined significant characters leading to species grouping and identification. Results showed that clustering of xylem vessels in cross-section, pore size, and distribution in the cut root, the shape of starch grains, the thickness of cork zone were among the most notable characters in species distinction. Chemical profiling revealed unique fingerprints and content of chemical compounds, which were significant in identification of root drug samples.
Conclusions
The comparative botanical standards and chemical profiles developed in the present study can be used as future reference standards for the quick, easy, and correct identification of root drug samples to be used in the herbal drug industry. Further, the identified significant microscopic characters have the potential for taxonomic studies in species delimitation.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40529-022-00342-z.
Keywords: Apocynaceae, Root drug samples, Adulteration, Chemical profilling, LC–MS profiling, Reference standards
Author Biographies
Pankaj Kumar, Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
Anil Bhushan, Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
Prasoon Gupta, Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
Sumeet Gairola, Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 Jammu and Kashmir India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
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