Preprint / Version 1

NMR-Based Metabolomics for Geographical Discrimination of Adhatoda vasica Leaves

Authors

  • Muhammad Jahangir Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
  • Atta-ur-Rehman Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
  • Ibrahim Farid Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
  • Robert Verpoorte Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
  • Imran Khan Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
  • Jiangnan Peng Department of Chemistry, School of Computer, Mathematical & Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA

Keywords:

Adhatoda vasica, geographical variation, herbal medicine, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, metabolomics

Abstract

Adhatoda vasica (L.), Nees is a widespread plant in Asia. It is used in Ayurvedic and Unani medications for the management of various infections and health disorders, especially as a decoction to treat cough, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Although it has a diverse metabolomic profile, this plant is particularly known for its alkaloids. The present study is the first to report a broad range of present compounds, e.g., α-linolenic acid, acetate, alanine, threonine, valine, glutamate, malate, fumaric acid, sucrose, β-glucose, kaempferol analogues, quercetin analogues, luteolin, flavone glucoside, vasicine and vasicinone, which were identified by NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics. Multivariate data analysis was used to analyze 1H-NMR bucketed data from a number of Adhatoda vasica leave samples collected from eight different regions in Pakistan. The results showed large variability in metabolomic fingerprints. The major difference was on the basis of longitude/latitude and altitude of the areas, with both primary and secondary metabolites discriminating the samples from various regions. Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, geographical variation, herbal medicine, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, metabolomics

Author Biographies

Atta-ur-Rehman, Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan

Khyber Pakhtunkwa Food Safety & Halal Food Authority, Peshawar 25110, Pakistan

Ibrahim Farid, Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt

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