Preprint / Version 1

Exploring the potentials of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. seed kernel oil as pharmaceutical oil base: Physicochemical characterization and ketoconazole soap formulation

Authors

  • Jitendra Pandey aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal
  • Sushan Gaire aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal
  • Kamal Sharma aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal
  • Dila Pun aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal
  • Anjali Gyawali aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal
  • Gopal Lamichhane cDepartment of Oriental Pharmacy, and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
  • David Budean bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
  • Hari Devkota dGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oehonmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan

Keywords:

Ziziphus mauritiana, Fixed oil, Physicochemical parameters, Ketoconazole, Antifungal soap formulation, Lubricant oil

Abstract

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) is a large spiny shrub or small tree, native to the Indian subcontinent that can reach a maximum height of 9–15 m. This plant stands as a renowned tropical fruit variety, commonly recognized as the Indian plum, Desert apple, or Indian Jujube. The objective of this study was to examine the standard physicochemical parameters of Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil and to formulate the ketoconazole soap (2 % w/w), using the obtained oil, as a base. The oil was obtained through hexane extraction from the seed kernels. To formulate pharmaceutical ketoconazole soap, Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil was subjected to a basic saponification reaction using potassium hydroxide. All the examined physicochemical parameters, namely acid value (4.71 mg KOH/g), saponification value (229.18 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (4.15 milliequivalents KOH/g), ester value (224.47 mg KOH/g), iodine value (11.19 mg KOH/g), refractive index (1.448), pH (5.93), viscosity (89 cP), and specific gravity (0.912 g/mL) were within the acceptable range for industrial purposes. The examination of quality control parameters, namely drug content (99.49 %), total fatty matter (71.13 %), foam retention time (17.21 min), foam height (18.56 cm), moisture content (9.14 %), and pH (7.16) indicated that the newly formulated ketoconazole soap complied with the acceptable limits. In summary, our research demonstrated the excellent physicochemical stability of Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil and its suitability as a soap base, supporting its promising prospects for cost-effective production of cosmetics, soaps, and shampoos in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries, reducing reliance on synthetic bases. Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana, Fixed oil, Physicochemical parameters, Ketoconazole, Antifungal soap formulation, Lubricant oil

Author Biographies

Jitendra Pandey, aDepartment of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal, 32900, Nepal

bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

Hari Devkota, dGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oehonmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan

fPharmacy Program, Gandaki University, Pokhara, 33700, Nepal