Cytotoxicity against A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line via the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Nuclear Condensation Effects of Nepeta paulsenii Briq., a Perennial Herb
Authors
Aqsa Hanif
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Ahmad Ibrahim
Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, 100mt. St., Near Baz Interaction, Erbil 44001, KRG, Iraq
Sawsan Al-Rawi
Biology Education Department, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, 100mt. St., Near Baz Interaction, Erbil 44001, KRG, Iraq
Jam Ahmad
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Mansoor Hameed
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Ghulam Mustufa
Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Samina Tanwir
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Keywords:
Nepeta paulsenii Briq., A459, adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, lung cancer, in vitro, cytotoxicity
Abstract
The genus Nepeta belongs to the largest Lamiaceae family, with 300 species, which are distributed throughout the various regions of Africa, Asia, India, and America. Along with other plant families distinguished by their medicinal and therapeutic values, the Nepeta genus of Lameaceae remains relatively valuable. Hence, the phytochemicals of N. paulsenii Briq. were extracted using different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stem, roots, flowers, and the whole plant by using various solvents (ethanol, water, and ethyl acetate), obtaining 15 fractions. Each extract of dried plant material was analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS to identify the chemical constituents. The cytotoxicity of each fraction was analyzed by MTT assay and mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear condensation assays against lung cancer cells. Among the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts, the flowers showed the best results, with IC50 values of 51.57 μg/mL and 50.58 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, among the water extracts of the various plant segments, the stem showed the best results, with an IC50 value of 123.80 μg/mL. 5-flourouracil was used as the standard drug, providing an IC50 value of 83.62 μg/mL. The Hoechst 33342 stain results indicated apoptotic features, i.e., chromatin dissolution and broken down, fragmented, and crescent-shaped nuclei. The ethanolic extracts of the flowers showed more pronounced apoptotic effects on the cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that rhodamine 123 fluorescence signals suppressed mitochondrial potential due to the treatment with the extracts. Again, the apoptotic index of the ethanolic extract of the flowers remained the highest. Hence it can be concluded that the flower part of N. paulsenii Briq. was found to be the most active against the A459 human lung cancer cell line.
Keywords: Nepeta paulsenii Briq., A459, adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, lung cancer, in vitro, cytotoxicity
Author Biographies
Aqsa Hanif, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Investigation
Ahmad Ibrahim, Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, 100mt. St., Near Baz Interaction, Erbil 44001, KRG, Iraq
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